EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES

Normal (Population Expected) Values:

*Normal Value of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness-A Surrogate Marker of Atherosclerosis:  quantitative Assessment by B-Mode Ultrasound Lim, TK, et al.  Journal of the American society of Echocardiography Feb. 2008 p112-116.

*Carotid Artery Intimal-Media Thickness Distribution in General Populations As Evaluated by B-Mode Ultrasound Howard, G, et al.  Stroke 1993;24:1297-1304.

*Distribution and Cross-Sectional Age-Related Increases of Carotid Artery Intima-Media thickness in Young Adults:  The Bogalusa Heart Study Stein, JH, et al.  Stroke 2004;35:2782-2787.

*Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Healthy Young Adults – The Atherosclerosis risk in Young Adults (ARYA) Study Oren, A, et al.  Arch. Intern Med. 2003;163:1787-1792.

*Carotid Intimal-Media Thickness Is Related to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Measured From Childhood Through Middle Age – the Muscatine Study

*Carotid intima-media thickness by B-mode ultrasound as surrogate of coronary atherosclerosis:  correlation with quantitative coronary angiography and coronary intravascular ultrasound findings Amato, M, et al.  European Heart Journal (2007) 28, 2094-2101.

*Distribution and Correlates of Sonographically Detected Carotid Artery Disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study O’Leary, DH, et al.  Stroke 1992;23:1752-1760.

IMT to Predict Obstructive Disease and/or Coronary Calcium Score

*Coronary Artery Calcium Versus Intima-Media Thickness as a Measure of Cardiovascular Disease Among Asymptomatic Adults (from the Rancho Bernardo Study) Barrett-Connor, E, et al.  Am J Cardiol 2007;99:227-231.

*Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness could Predict the Presence of Coronary Artery Lesions Kotsis, T, et al.  American Journal of Hypertension 2005;18:601-606.

*Intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery is the significant predictor of angiographically proven coronary artery disease Holaj, R, et al.  Can J Cardiol 2003;19(6):670-676.

*Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Using Risk Factor Categories Wilson, W, et al.  Circulation 1998;97:1837-1847.

IMT and Future Risk

*Carotid Intima-Media Thickening Indicates a Higher Vascular Risk Across a Wide Age Range
Prospective Date From the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS)
Lorenz, MW, et al.  Stroke 2006;37:87-92  (4 years)

*Comparison Between Measures of Atherosclerosis and Risk of Stroke
The Rotterdam Study
Hollander, M, et al.  Stroke 2003;34:2367-2373.  (6 years)

*Ultrasonographically Assessed Carotid Morphology and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Salonen, JT, and Salonen, R. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1991;11:1245-1249.  (1 year)

*Carotid-Artery Intima and Media Thickness as a Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in Older Adults
O’Leary, DH, et al. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;340:14-22. (6years)

*Association of Coronary Heart Disease Incidence with Carotid Artery Wall thickness and Major Risk Factors:  The Atherosclerosis in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987-1993 

Chamblis, LE, et al. American Journal of Epidemiology 1997;146:483-94  (4-7 years)

*Carotid Intima-Media Thickness as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk in Hypertensive
Patients with Coronary Artery disease
Zielinski, T, et al.  American Journal of Hypertension 2007;20:1058-1064.  (5 years)

*The role of Carotid Arterial Intima-Media Thickness in Predicting Clinical Coronary Events
Hodis, HN, et al.  Annals of Internal Medicine 1998;128:262-269.

*C-Reactive Protein, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, and Incidence of Ischemic Stroke in the Elderly
Cao, J, et al.  Circulation  2003;108:166-170.

*Coronary Artery Calcium, Carotid Artery Wall thickness and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Adults 70 to 99 Years Old
Newman, A, et al.  Am J Cardiol. 2008 January 15;101(2):186-192.

*Effect of Carotid Atherosclerosis Screening on Risk Stratification During Primary Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Bard, R, et al.  Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1030-1032.

*Ultrasound B-Mode Imaging in Observational Studies of Atherosclerotic Progression
Salonen, JT and Salonen, R.
Circulation 1993;87(suppl II):II-56-II-65)   (2 years)

Endothelial Function and IMT

*Interrelations Between Brachial Endothelial Function and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Young Adults (the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study)
Juonala, M, et al.  Circulation 2004;110:2918-2923.

*Relationship between endothelial dysfunction, intima media thickness and cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic subjects
Corrado. E, et al.  International Angiology 2005;24:52-58.

*Comparison of the Effects of Quinapril and Losartan on Carotid Artery Intima-Media thickness in Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Arterial Hypertension
Uchiyama-tanake, Y, et al.  Kidney and Blood Pressure Research 2005;28:111 116.

*Plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are related to intima-media thickness of the carotid artery – An epidemiological study
Furuki, K, et al.  Atherosclerosis 191 (2007) 206-210.

Endocrine Function and IMT

*Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis
A Randomized, double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Hodis, HN, et al.  Annals of Internal Medicine 2001; 135:  939-953.

*Effect of Levothyroxine Replacement on Lipid Profile and Intima-Media thickness in subclinical Hypothyroidism:  A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study
Monzani, F, et al.  Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89 (5):  2099-2106.

*The effects of Simvastatin and Levothyroxine on intima-media thickness of the carotid artery in female normolipidemic patients with subclinical hypothyroisism: a prospective, randomized-controlled study
Duman, D, et al.  Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 2007, 8:1007-1011.

*Metformin of gliclazide, rather than glibenclamide, attenuate progression of carotid intima-media thichkness in subjects with type 2 diabetes
Katakami, N, et al.  Diabetologia (2004) 47:1906-1913.

*Raloxifene slows down the progression of intima-media thickness in post-menopausal women
Colaccurci, N, et al.  Menopause Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 879-884.

*Effect of Rosiglitazone on Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression in Coronary Artery Disease patients Without Diabetes Mellitus
Sidhu, J, et al.  Arterioscler thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:930-934.

*Effect of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor g Agonist Treatment on subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients With Insulin-Requiring type 2 Diabetes
Hodis, H, et al. Diabetes Care 29:1545-1553, 2006.

*Association Between Serum Testosterone Concentration and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Fukui, M, et al.  Diabetes Care 26:1869-1873, 2003.

*Endogenous Sex Hormones and Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Elderly Men
Muller, M, et al.  Circulation 2004;109:2074-2079.

Inflammation, Infection, and IMT

*Assciation of Endotoxemia With Carotid Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease Prospective Results from the Bruneck Study
Wiederman, C, et al.  J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;35:1975-1981.

*Reduced Progression of Early Carotid Atherosclerosis After Antibiotic Treatment and Chlamydia pneumonia Seropositivity
Sander, D, et al.  Circulation 2002;106:2428-2433.

*Increased Carotid Intima-Media thickness and Serum Inflammatory Markers in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Minoguchi, K, et al.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 172.  Pp 625-630, 2005.

*Impact of Infectious Burden on Progression of Carotid Atheroslcerosis
Espinola-Klein, C, et al.  Stroke 2002;33:2581-2586.

*Early Carotid Atherosclerosis in subjects With Periodontal Diseases
Soder, P, et al.  Stroke 2005;36:1195-1200.

*Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, and Atherosclerosis in the Bruneck and ARMY Studies
Knoflach, M, et al.  Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2521-2526.

*Genetic and Acquired Inflammatory Conditions Are synergistically Associated With Early Carotid Atherosclerosis
Markus, H, et al.  Stroke 2006;37:2253-2259.

Other Factors affecting IMT progression

*Standing at work and progression of carotid atherosclerosis
Krause, N, et al.  Scand. J. Work Environ Health 2000;26(3):227-326.

*Antibodies to Oxidized LDL in Relation to Intima-Media thickness in Carotid and Femoral Arteries in 58-Year-Old subjectively Clinically Healthy Men
Hulthe, J, et al.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:101-107.

*Association between elevated plasma total homocysteine and increased common carotid artery wall thickness
Voutilainem, S, et al.  Ann Med 1998; 30:  300-306.

*Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and carotid artery intima-media thickness among type 2 diabetic patients
Targher, G, et al.  Clinical Endocrinology (2006) 65, 593-597.

*Mercury accumulation and accelerated progression of carotid atherosclerosis:  a population-based prospective 4-year follow-up study in men in eastern Finland
Salonen, JT, et al.  Atherosclerosis 148 (2000) 265-273.

*Sustained Anxiety and 4-Year Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis
Paterniti, S, et al.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:136-141.

*Carotid Artery Intial-Medial thickening and Plasma Homocystein in Asymptomatic Adults
Malinow, R, et al.  Circulation 1993;87:1107-1113.

*Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Predicts Occurrence of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques
Zureik, M, et al.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.  2000;20:1622-1629.

*Tea consumption Is Inversely Associated With Carotid Plaques in Women
Debette, S, et al.  Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2008;28(2):353-359.

*Intima-Media Thickness of the Common Carotid Artery in Highway Toll collectors
Erdogmus, B, et al.  Journal of Clinical Ultrasound Vol. 34, No. 9, Nov-Dec. 2006.

*Resumption of Spontaneous Erections in Selected Patients Affected by Erectile Dysfunction and Various Degrees of Carotid Wall Alteration:  Role of Tadalafil
Caretta, N, et al.  European Urology 48 (2005) 326-332.

*Hyperhomocysteinemia but Not the C677T Mutation of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Is an Independent risk Determinant of Carotid Wall Thickening

*The Perth Carotid Ultrasound disease Assessment Study (CUDAS)
McQuillan, B, et al.  Circulation 1999;99:2383-2388.

*Role of Lipoprotein(a) and Apolipoprotein(a) Phenotype in Atherogenisis
Prospective Results From the Bruneck Study
Kronenburg, F, et al.  Circulation 1999;100:1154-1160.

*Biological Gradient Between Long-Term Arsenic Exposure and Carotid Atherosclerosis
Wang, CH, et al.  Circulation 2002;105:1804-1809.

*Arsenic Exposure from Drinking-water and Carotid Artery Intima-medial Thickness in Healthy Young Adults in Bangladesh
Chen, Y, et al.  J Health Popul Nutr 2006 June;24(2):253-257.

*Marked Elevation of Myocardial Trace Elements in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Compared With Secondary Cardiac Dysfunction
Frustaci, A, et al.  J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1578-1583.

*Intake of Mercury From Fish, Lipid Peroxidation, and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Coronary, Cardiovascular, and Any Death in Eastern Finnish Men
Salonen, J, et al. Circulation 1995;91:645-655.

*Blood Lead Below 0.48 umol/L (10 mcg/dl) and Mortality Among US Adults
Menke, A, et al.  Circualiton 2006;114:1388-1394.

*Additive Statistical Effects of Cadmium and Lead on Heart-Related disease in a North Carolina Autopsy Series
Voors, A, et al.  Archives of Environmental Health March/April 1982 Vol. 37 (No. 2):98-102.

*Role of Cadmium and Magnesium in Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Smetana, R, and Glogar, D.  Am Jour Cardiol August 1, 1986 Vol. 58:364-366.

*Optimistic Attitudes Protect Against Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Healthy Middle-Aged Women
Matthews, K, et al.  Psychosomatic Medicine 66:640-644 (2004)

*Socioeconomic Status and Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis
Lynch, J, et al.  Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1997;17:513-519.

*Interactions of serum copper, selenium, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in atherogenesis
Salonen, J, et al.  BMJ Volume 302 30 March 1991 pp. 756-760.

*Association of Hypoadiponectinemia With Coronary Artery Disease in Men
Kumada, M, et al.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:85-89.

*Increased Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in subjects With Primary Hypoalphalipoproteinemia
Baldassarre, D, et al.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:317-322.

*Impact of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis on incident chronic kidney disease in the elderly
Chonchol, M, et al.  Nephrol dial Transplant (2008) 1-6.

*Kidney function and Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in a Community Study
Desbien, A, et al.  Am J Kidney Dis 51:584-593.

Treatment to Blunt IMT Progression (Pharmacologic)

*Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Extended-Release Niacin on Atherosclerosis Progression in Secondary Prevention Patients Treated With Statins
Taylor, AJ, et al.  Circulation 2004;110:3512-3517.

*The effect of 24 months of combination statin and extended-release niacin on carotid intima-media thickness:  ARBITER 3
Taylor, AJ, et al.  Current Medical Research and Opinion Vol. 22, No. 11, 2006, 2243-2250.

*The effects of extended-release niacin on carotid intimal media thickness, endothelial function and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome
Thoenes, M, et al.  Int J Clin Pract, November 2007, 61, 11, 1942-1948.

*Reduction in Carotid Arterial Wall Thickness Using Lovastatin and Dietary Therapy
A Randomized, controlled Clinical Trial ***
Hodis, HH< et al.  Annals of Internal Medicine 15 March 1996 Volume 124 Issue 6 Pages 548-556.

*Beneficial Effects of Colestipol-Niacin Therapy on the Common Carotid Artery
Two and Four-Year Reduction if Intima-Media Thickness Measured by Ultrasound
Blankenhorn, DH, et al.  Circulation 1993;88:20-28.

*Effect of Controlled Release/Extended Release Metoprolol on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia – A 3-Year Randomized Study
Wiklund, O, et al.  Stroke 2002;33:572-577.

*Effect of Probucol on elederly Hypercholesterolemic Patients in the FAST Study
Sawayama, Y, et al.  Fukuoka Acta Medica 97(1):15-24, 2006.

Treatment to Blunt IMT Progression (Nutritional):

*Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) study:  a randomized trial of the effect of vitamins E and C on 3-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis
Saolonen, JT, et al.  Journal of Internal Medicine 2000:  248:  377-386.

*Six-Year Effect of Combined vitamin C and E Supplementation on Atherosclerotic Progression
Salonen, R, et al.  Circulation 2003;107:947-953.

*Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure, and LDL oxidation
Aviram, M, et al.  Clinical Nutrition (2004) 23, 423-433.

*Glisodin, A Vegetal SOD with Gliadin, as Preventative Agent vs. Atherosclerosis, as Confirmed with Carotid Ultrasound-B Imaging
Cloarec, M, et al.  European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology – volume 39- n°2–’07.

*Eicosapententaenoic acid reduces the progression of carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes
Mita, T, et al.  Atherosclerosis 191 (2007) 162-167.

*Effect of n-3 fatty acids on carotid atherosclerosis and haemostasis in patients with combined hyperlipoproteinemia:  A double-blind pilot study in primary prevention
Baldassarre, D, et al.  Annals of Medicine 2006;38:367-375.

*Effect of Supplementary Antioxidant vitamin Intake on Carotid Arterial Wall Intima-Media Thickness in a Controlled Clinical Trial of Cholesterol Lowering
Azen, SP, et al.  Circulation 1996;94:2369-2372.

*Decrease of carotid intima-media thickness in patients at risk to cerebral ischemia after supplementation with folic acid, Vitamins B6 and B12
Till, U, et al.  Atherosclerosis 181 (2005) 131-135.

*Vitamin C consumption is associated with less progression in carotid intima media thickness in elderly men:  A 3-year intervention study
Ellingsen, I, et al.  Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases (2008) 1-7.

*Antioxidant Effects of Tocotrienols in Patients with Hyperlipidemia and Carotid Stenosis
Tomeo, A, et al.  Lipids 30:1179-1183 (1995).

*Long-term calorie restriction is highly effective in reducing the risk for atherosclerosis in humans
Fontana, L, et al.  PNAS April 27, 2004 Vol. 101  No. 17  6659-6663.

*Influence of lifestyle modification on atherosclerotic progression determined by ultrasonographic change in the common carotid intima-media thickness
Markus, R, et al.  Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1000-1004.